Charlottesville Index Crime Trends 1984-2020 U. S. Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Summary Reporting System UCR Summary Reporting System • The FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) process has been in place since 1927. The UCR originally gathered data in the Summary Reporting System format from jurisdictions among eight crime types, within two main categories: o Index Violent Crime (including the felony offenses of aggravated assault, robbery, rape and murder/non-negligent manslaughter). o Index Property Crime (including larceny, burglary, motor vehicle theft and arson). • In 2004, the FBI added a second reporting system, the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), which includes the original eight crime types, but adds 16 additional crime types divided into three main categories: o Crimes Against Person o Crimes Against Property o Crimes Against Society • UCR and NIBRS categorize crime in two different and somewhat incompatible ways. • This presentation tracks Charlottesville’s index crime data in the UCR Summary Reporting System from 1984 to 2020 (the final year of the SRS reporting format). • A separate study conducted by the Criminal Justice Planner, using NIBRS data, captures more recent crime trends, from 2012-2021, in the new format). Page 1 of 48 Total Index Crime Rates (1984-2020) • The total index crime rate is the sum of the index violent crime rate and the index property crime rate. • The total index crime trend fell 64% in the City of Charlottesville from 1984 to 2020. • In 1984, the total index crime rate in Charlottesville was 82.7 per 1000 Charlottesville residents. • By 2020, that rate had fallen to 23.2 per 1000 Charlottesville residents. • Within this overall downward trend, peaks in the total index crime rate were observed in 1995, 1998, 2006 and 2009. Charlottesville Total Index Crime Rate per 100,000 Residents (1984-2020) 9000 8000 Down 64% 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Page 2 of 48 Index Violent Crime (1984-2020) • The index violent crime trend fell 32% in the City of Charlottesville from 1984 to 2020. • In 1984, the index violent crime rate was 6.39 per 1000 Charlottesville residents. • By 2020, the index violent crime rate had fallen to 3.96 per 1000 Charlottesville residents. • The peak year for the index violent crime rate was 1998 (11.96 per 1000 Charlottesville residents). • The lowest index violent crime rate recorded during the 1984-2020 time period was in 2019 (3.24 per 1000 Charlottesville residents). • Index violent crime rates dropped most sharply between 1998 and 2010. Charlottesville Index Violent Crime Rate per 100,000 (1984-2020) 1400 Down 33% 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Page 3 of 48 Index Violent Crime Rates by Type (1984-2020) • Index violent crimes, all of which are felonies, occur far less often than index property crimes (for instance, there were 3.96 index violent crimes in Charlottesville per 1000 in 2020, compared to 19.26 index property crimes per 1000 in 2020). • Low base rates result in significant variance in the data from year to year, and that variance is greatest among crime types that occur least often (the lower the value on the Y-axis, the greater the expected variance). • This year-over-year volatility contributes to year-over-year “saw-toothing” in the graphic presentation of the data (most notable in the murder/non-negligent manslaughter and rape categories). Trend lines were utilized to help smooth out the highs and lows. • Decreases in long-term trends were observed in the crime categories of aggravated assault, robbery and murder/non-negligent manslaughter from 1984 to 2020. • An increase in the reported rape trend was observed during the same time frame. However, this may be partially due to a 2013 expansion in the definition of rape by the FBI to include males as victims. Charlottesville UCR-Reported Aggravated Assaults per 100,000 Residents (1984-2020) 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Page 4 of 48 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 50 100 150 200 250 1984 1984 1985 1985 1986 1986 1987 1987 1988 1988 1989 1989 1990 1990 1991 1991 1992 1992 1993 1993 1994 1994 1995 1995 1996 1996 1997 1997 1998 1998 1999 1999 2000 2000 2001 2001 2002 2002 2003 2003 2004 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 2011 2011 2012 2012 2013 2013 Charlottesville UCR Reported Rapes per 100,000 Residents (1984-2020) 2014 2014 Charlottesville UCR-Reported Robberies per 100,000 Residents (1984-2020) 2015 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 2019 2020 2020 Page 5 of 48 Charlottesville UCR Reported Murders per 100,000 Residents (1984-2020) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Index Property Crime (1984-2020) • The index property crime trend fell 68% in the City of Charlottesville from 1984 to 2020. • In 1984, the index violent crime rate was 76.35 per 1000 Charlottesville residents. • By 2020, the index property crime rate had fallen to 19.26 per 1000 Charlottesville residents. • Within this overall downward trend, peaks in the total property crime rate were observed in 1995, 1998, 2006 and 2009. • Index property crime trends continued to fall in Charlottesville from 2010 to 2020. Page 6 of 48 Charlottesville UCR Index Property Crime Rate per 100,000 (1984-2020) 9000 8000 Down 68% 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Index Property Crime Rates by Type (1984- 2020) • As previously noted, index property crimes occur at rates much higher than do index violent crimes. Thus, only the arson data (with the lowest values on the Y-axis) was significantly “saw-toothed”. • The reported crime trends in Charlottesville for larceny, burglary, motor vehicle theft and arson all fell significantly from 1984 to 2020. • Of the four property crime categories, the sharpest decrease was observed among burglaries in Charlottesville, falling from a high of 15.6 per 1000 in 1989 to 1.7 per 1000 in 2020. • Larcenies dropped significantly as well, from a high of 57.7 per 1000 in 1984 to 16.0 in 2020. Page 7 of 48 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1000 2000 3000 4000 6000 7000 0 1400 1600 1800 0 5000 1984 1984 1985 1985 1986 1986 1987 1987 1988 1988 1989 1989 1990 1990 1991 1991 1992 1992 1993 1993 1994 1994 1995 1995 1996 1996 1997 1997 1998 1998 1999 1999 2000 2000 2001 2001 2002 2002 2003 2003 2004 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 2011 2011 2012 2012 2013 2013 Charlottesville UCR-Reported Theft per 100,000 Residents (1984-2020) 2014 2014 2015 Charlottesville UCR-Reported Burglaries per 100,000 Residents (1984-2020) 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 2019 2020 2020 Page 8 of 48 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 1984 1984 1985 1985 1986 1986 1987 1987 1988 1988 1989 1989 1990 1990 1991 1991 1992 1992 1993 1993 1994 1994 1995 1995 1996 1996 1997 1997 1998 1998 1999 1999 2000 2000 2001 2001 2002 2002 2003 2003 2004 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 2011 2011 2012 2012 2013 2013 Charlottesville UCR-Reported Arson per 100,000 Residents (1984-2020) 2014 2014 2015 2015 2016 2016 Charlotteville UCR-Reported Motor Vehicle Theft per 100,000 Residents (1984-2020) 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 2019 2020 2020 Page 9 of 48 Summary • The total index crime rate in Charlottesville declined 64% between 1984 and 2020. • A 33% decrease in the index violent crime rate was observed during that time period, compared to a more robust 68% decrease in index property crime. • Decreases were observed across a wide variety of crime types, in both violent and property categories. • Decreases in the index violent crime rate slowed during the most recent decade, while the index property rate continued to drop significantly. Prepared by: Neal S. Goodloe, MPA Criminal Justice Planner Jefferson Area Community Criminal Justice Board ngoodloe@oar-jacc.org October 2022 Page 10 of 48 Charlottesville Crime Trends 2012-2021 Virginia State Police Crime in Virginia Introduction • Each year, the Virginia Department of State Police publishes Crime in Virginia, an analysis of statewide crime statistics for the most recent five-year period. This publication can be found on the VSP website at: https://vsp.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/CrimeInVirginia2021.pdf • The Department of State Police also populates a public website with more than a decade of reported crime and arrest data by jurisdiction: https://va.beyond2020.com/va_public/Browse/browsetables.aspx • The following analysis utilized the Beyond2020.com data set to analyze reported crime rates per 1000 residents for Virginia as a whole from 2012 to 2021, compared to Charlottesville . • 2012-2021 crime rates for Charlottesville were also compared to the average rates of nine other Virginia cities of similar population size (Danville, Fredericksburg, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, Manassas, Petersburg, Staunton, Suffolk and Winchester). Page 11 of 48 Definitions • “Reported Crime” is crime reported and known to law enforcement agencies, and is entered into the national Incident-Based Reporting (IBR) System. The entry of a reported crime into the IBR system does not need to result in an arrest, and is generally considered as a more accurate indicator of the true crime rate than is the arrest rate. • Crime Rate (per 1,000): This measure provides the number of reported crimes for every 1,000 people living in a jurisdiction for the selected year. It is calculated by dividing the number of reported crimes by the estimated population, then multiplying the result by 1,000. • In this analysis, crime rates per 1,000 are provided for Group A offenses, in three primary categories: o Crimes Against Person (including murder, aggravated assault, simple assault, kidnapping, human trafficking, rape and other sex offenses) o Crimes Against Property (including arson, bribery, burglary, forgery, fraud, vandalism, embezzlement, extortion, robbery, larceny, motor vehicle theft and stolen property) o Crimes against Society (including narcotics, weapons, illegal gambling, pornography, prostitution, and animal cruelty) Charlottesville’s Group A Crime Rate per 1000 (2012-2021) • Statewide, the overall Group A crime rate trended down 19% from 2012 to 2021. • The overall Group A crime rate dropped 39% in Charlottesville during the same time period, more than twice the statewide trend. • The nine Virginia cities of comparable population size to Charlottesville had an average decrease in the Group A crime rate of 20%, approximately half the rate of fall observed in Charlottesville. • Charlottesville’s Group A crime rate fell below the average of peer cities throughout the 2012-2021 time period. • In 2021, Charlottesville ’s Group A crime rate was 60.3 per 1000 residents, below the 72.0 per 1000 average rate among peer cities, but above the 44.0 per 1000 statewide rate. • Charlottesville ’s 2021 overall Group A crime rate ranked 23th among Virginia’s 133 jurisdictions (and 22rd among Virginia’s 36 independent cities). Page 12 of 48 Virginia Group A Crime Rate per 1000 100 90 80 Down 19% 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Charlottesville Total Group A Crime per 1000 100 90 Down 39% 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Page 13 of 48 Total Group A Crime per 1000 Residents Charlottesville vs. Average of Comparable Cities 100 Comparable cities down 20% 90 80 70 60 50 40 Charlottesville down 39% 30 20 10 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Charlottesville Average of Comparable Cities Linear (Charlottesville) Linear (Average of Comparable Cities) Charlottesville’s Group A Crimes Against Person per 1000 • Statewide, the Crimes Against Person rate per 1000 declined 12% from 2012 to 2021. • The Crimes Against Person rate in Charlottesville dropped 36% during the same time period, three times the rate of fall in the Commonwealth as a whole. • By comparison, the nine Virginia cities of comparable population size averaged a 15% decrease in Crimes Against Person, less than half the drop observed in Charlottesville. • Charlottesville ’s rate remained below the peer city average from 2012 to 2021. • In 2021, Charlottesville ’s Crimes Against Person rate was 17.2 per 1000 residents, below the average of 21.2 per 1000 in Virginia cities of comparable size, but above the 11.9 per 1000 statewide rate. • Charlottesville’s Crimes Against Person rate in 2021 ranked 22th among Virginia’s 133 jurisdictions (and 21st among Virginia’s 36 independent cities). Page 14 of 48 Virginia Crimes Against Person per 1000 Residents 30 25 20 Down 12% 15 10 5 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Charlottesville Crimes Against Person per 1000 30 25 Down 36% 20 15 10 5 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Page 15 of 48 Crimes Against Person per 1000 Residents Charlottesville vs. Average of Comparable Cities 30 Comparable cities down 15% 25 20 15 10 Charlottesville down 36% 5 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Charlottesville Average of Comparable Cities Linear (Charlottesville) Linear (Average of Comparable Cities) Charlottesville’s Group A Crimes Against Property Rate per 1000 • Statewide, the Crimes Against Property rate per 1000 declined 28% from 2012 to 2021. • The Crimes Against Property rate in Charlottesville dropped 38% during the same time frame. • Nine Virginia peer cities averaged a decrease in Crimes Against Property of 28%, comparable to the drop in the statewide rate, but lower than Charlottesville’s rate of drop. • Charlottesville ’s rate was below the peer city average in every year from 2014 to 2020. • In 2021, Charlottesville ’s Crime Against Property rate was 38.7 per 1000 residents, comparable to the rate of 38.9 per 1000 for the average of peer cities, but above the 25.9 per 1000 statewide rate. • Charlottesville’s Crimes Against Property rate in 2021 ranked 16th among Virginia’s 133 jurisdictions (and 15th among Virginia’s 36 independent cities). Page 16 of 48 Virginia Crimes Against Property per 1000 70 60 50 Down 28% 40 30 20 10 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Charlottesville Crimes Against Property per 1000 70 60 Down 38% 50 40 30 20 10 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Page 17 of 48 Crimes Against Property per 1000 Residents Charlottesville vs. Average of Comparable Cities 70 60 Comparable cities down 28% 50 40 30 20 Charlottesville down 38% 10 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Charlottesville Average of Comparable Cities Linear (Charlottesville) Linear (Average of Comparable Cities) Charlottesville’s Group A Crimes Against Society Rates per 1000 • Statewide, the Crimes Against Society rate per 1000 increased 3% from 2012 to 2021. • The Crimes Against Society rate in Charlottesville fell 57% during that time period. • The nine Virginia cities of comparable population size averaged a 1% increase in Crimes Against Society, in line with the state trend. • Charlottesville’s Crimes Against Society rate was well below that of peer cities in every year from 2012 to 2021. • In 2021, Charlottesville ’s Crimes Against Society rate was 4.3 per 1000 residents, nearly one third the rate of 11.9 per 1000 for the average of peer cities and also below the 6.2 per 1000 statewide rate. • Charlottesville’s Crimes Against Society rate in 2021 ranked 90th among Virginia’s 133 jurisdictions (33rd among Virginia’s 36 independent cities). Page 18 of 48 Virginia Crimes Against Society per 1000 16 14 Up 3% 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Charlottesville Crimes Against Society per 1000 12 10 Down 57% 8 6 4 2 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Page 19 of 48 Crimes Against Society per 1000 Residents Charlottesville vs. Average of Comparable Cities 25 Comparable cities down 1% 20 15 10 5 Charlottesville down 57% 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Charlottesville Average of Comparable Cities Linear (Charlottesville) Linear (Average of Comparable Cities) Summary • The overall Group A crime rate in Charlottesville trended downward significantly from 2012 to 2021 (dropping 39%), more than twice the drop in the statewide rate trend (down 19%). • Charlottesville ’s Crimes Against Person rate fell 36% from 2012 to 2021, while the Crimes Against Property rate decreased 38% and the Crimes Against Society rate dropped 57%. All of these decreases were more significant that those observed statewide, and in the average of drop in crime rate among comparable Virginia cities. • Charlottesville ’s overall Group A crime rate was below the average rate of comparable cities in every year studied. This was also true for the categories of Crimes Against Person and Crimes Against Society. Charlottesville’s Crimes Against Property rate was below the average for peer cities from 2015 to 2020. • Virginia’s independent cities represented 36 of the top 55 Virginia jurisdictions in ranking by 2021 Group A crime rates, although Charlottesville ranked in the bottom half among Virginia’s cities. Charlottesville’s lowest ranking was in the category of Crimes Against Society. Page 20 of 48 Prepared by: Neal S. Goodloe, MPA Criminal Justice Planner Jefferson Area Community Criminal Justice Board ngoodloe@oar-jacc.org October 2022 Annual Report Charlottesville Utilization of the Albemarle-Charlottesville Regional Jail 2011-2021 Criminal Justice Planner Jefferson Area Community Criminal Justice Board Page 21 of 48 Introduction • This report, generated by the Criminal Justice Planner, documents trends among various key metrics associated with Charlottesville inmates at the Albemarle- Charlottesville Regional Jail (ACRJ). • These key metrics include the number of inmates entering and leaving the jail, their charges, their race, gender and age, and their length of stay. • The report shows how these metrics have impacted the total number of bed days expended by Charlottesville at ACRJ from 2011 to 2021. • This analysis also assesses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic years (2020 and 2021) on longer-term trends in Charlottesville jail utilization by comparing them to the two most recent pre-pandemic years (2018 and 2019). • All data was extracted from the ACRJ operational management system. • A supplemental report will be issued in September 2022, documenting trends in reported crime in Charlottesville, pending the publication of 2021 crime data by the Virginia State Police. General Population • The population of Charlottesville increased from 43,475 in 2010 to 46.553 in 2020, according to U.S. Census Bureau data. • This represents an increase of 7.1%. • Wherever appropriate in this report, changes in jail utilization from 2011 to 2021 will be expressed as a rate per 1000 Charlottesville residents, utilizing U. S. Census data. Page 22 of 48 Intakes • An “intake” is an event, in which a person is taken into ACRJ on Charlottesville charges, no matter how long their stay, or how many charges they have lodged against them. • For the purpose of this analysis, inmates serving multiple weekends were removed from the tallies, given the considerable differences in the way in which weekenders were recorded in ACRJ’s legacy system (Pistol) and its current system (New World). Weekenders are the subject of a separate analysis. • From 2011 through 2021, Charlottesville intake volume decreased by 40%. • Nearly all of the decrease in intake volume occurred after 2017. • The per-capita rate of jail intakes between 2011 and 2021 dropped 44%. 43.5 inmates per 1000 city residents were taken into ACRJ on Charlottesville offenses in 2011, compared to 22.3 per 1000 in 2021. • Charlottesville’s share of all ACRJ intakes decreased 25%, from 46.6% in 2011 to 36.7% in 2021. Charlottesville Intakes at ACRJ 2500 Intakes down 40% 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Page 23 of 48 Charlottesville Intakes per 1000 Residents 50 Intakes per 1000 down 44% 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Percentage of ACRJ Intakes per Member Jurisdiction 60% Albemarle up 9% 50% 40% 30% Charlottesville down 25% 20% 10% Nelson up 110% 0% 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Albemarle % of Intakes Charlottesville % of Intakes Nelson % of Intakes Linear (Albemarle % of Intakes) Linear (Charlottesville % of Intakes) Linear (Nelson % of Intakes) Page 24 of 48 Intakes by Race, Gender and Age • Decreases in Charlottesville jail intake volume were roughly comparable among White inmates (down 42%) and Black inmates (down 39%). • Intakes of female inmates and male inmates both dropped by roughly comparable percentages (down 42% and 40% respectively). • Intake volume dropped among all age groups, but most significantly among inmates age 18 to 24 (down 65%). This downward trend in intakes of 18-24 year olds was well-established prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. • The average age of a Charlottesville inmate at intake increased from 34.9 years in 2011 to 37.5 in 2021. • Decreases in intake volume occurred among all demographic groups in 2020 and 2021, compared to the two most recent pre-pandemic years of 2018 and 2019. Charlottesville Intakes by Race 1200 Black inmate intakes down 39% 1000 800 600 400 White inmate intakes down 42% 200 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Charlottesville Black Intakes Charlottesville White Intakes Linear (Charlottesville Black Intakes) Linear (Charlottesville White Intakes) Page 25 of 48 Charlottesville Intakes by Gender 1800 Male inmate intakes down 40% 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 Female inmate intakes down 42% 600 400 200 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Charlottesville Female Intakes Charlottesville Male Intakes Linear (Charlottesville Female Intakes) Linear (Charlottesville Male Intakes) Charlottesville Intakes by Age Group 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Age 18-24 Age 25-29 Age 30-39 Age 40-49 Age 50+ 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Page 26 of 48 Percentage Change in Charlottesville Intake Volume by Age Group (2011-2021) -7% -26% -35% -53% -65% Age 18-24 Age 25-29 Age 30-39 Age 40-49 Age 50+ Charlottesville Average Age at Intake 50 Up 7% 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Page 27 of 48 Weekenders • The legacy Pistol system at ACRJ counted a weekender as a single intake, no matter how many weekends they served. The New World system, brought on line at ACRJ in December 2017, counts each weekend as a separate intake. The differences in these two approaches have been controlled for in the following analysis. • Utilization of weekend sentences for Charlottesville inmates has been in decline since 2015, when there were 44 individuals who served their sentence on weekends. Only three individuals served weekend sentences in 2021. • Overall, weekenders averaged 1.4% of all Charlottesville intake volume at ACRJ from 2011 to 2021. Charlottesville Weekenders 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Page 28 of 48 Weekenders % of All Charlottesville Intakes 3.00% 2.50% 2.00% 1.50% 1.00% 0.50% 0.00% 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Booking Volume • An inmate’s “intake” is associated with one or more “bookings” (charges). While intake volume is the most accurate measure of the number of individuals entering ACRJ, booking volume helps identify the most frequent types of charges lodged against them. • From 2011 to 2021, Charlottesville booking volume fell by 26% (down 32% per capita). • Felony booking volume increased 1%, offset by an 42% decrease in misdemeanor bookings. • Historically, misdemeanors have significantly outnumbered felonies in Charlottesville booking volume. However, by 2021, ACRJ recorded 981 Charlottesville felony bookings, compared to 1078 misdemeanor bookings, a difference of less than 10%. • Charlottesville inmates were taken into ACRJ on 22% more charges per intake event in 2021 than in 2011 (1.69 charges/intake in 2011 vs. 2.02 in 2021). Page 29 of 48 Charlottesville Bookings (2011-2021) 4000 Bookings down 26% 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Charlottesville Bookings per 1000 Residents 90 Bookings per 1000 down 32% 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Page 30 of 48 Charlottesvile Bookings by Charge Level (2011-2021) 2500 Misdemeanor Bookings down 42% 2000 1500 1000 500 Felony Bookings up 1% 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Charlottesville Felony Bookings Charlottesville Misdemeanor Bookings Linear (Charlottesville Felony Bookings) Linear (Charlottesville Misdemeanor Bookings) Charlottesville Bookings per Intake 2.5 Bookings/Intake up 22% 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Page 31 of 48 Booking Volume in the COVID Era • The COVID-19 pandemic appears to have had limited impact on Charlottesville booking trends. Booking volume was trending down well in advance of the onset of the pandemic in March 2020. • In the two years preceding the pandemic (2018-19), Charlottesville’s quarterly booking volume averaged 686 bookings. With the onset of the pandemic, bookings during the second quarter of 2020 fell to 488, followed by a partial rebound during 2021. The average quarterly booking volume for 2020-21 was 516. • Booking volume dropped 44% over the four-year time frame. • Misdemeanor booking volume fell at twice the rate of felony booking volume from 2018 to 2021. Charlottesville Bookings by Quarter (2018-2020) 900 819 Down 44% 800 774 724 700 686 671 660 651 600 580 566 560 536 500 488 495 500 479 426 400 300 200 100 0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2018 2018 2018 2018 2019 2019 2019 2019 2020 2020 2020 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 Page 32 of 48 Charlottesville Bookings by Quarter and Charge Level (2018-2020) 600 500 Misdemeanor bookings down 52% 400 300 200 100 Felony bookings down 27% 0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2018 2018 2018 2018 2019 2019 2019 2019 2020 2020 2020 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2018-2020 Charlottesville Felony Bookings by Quarter 2018-2020 Charlottesville Misdemeanor Bookings by Quarter Linear (2018-2020 Charlottesville Felony Bookings by Quarter) Linear (2018-2020 Charlottesville Misdemeanor Bookings by Quarter) Bookings by Charge Type • The top ten Charlottesville charge types by booking volume from 2011 to 2021 were alcohol offenses, assault, probation violations, DWI, narcotic violations, larceny, contempt of court, fraud, operator’s license offenses and weapons offenses. • From 2011 to 2021, the fastest-growing charge type at booking was in the category of weapons offenses (up 88%). Two other charge types had modest growth (probation violations up 7% and assaults up 6%). • Significant decreases in booking volume were observed in the charge categories of operator’s license offenses (down 78%), alcohol offenses (down 68%), DWI (down 59%), narcotics violations (down 48%) and fraud (down 38%). • Decreases were observed among nine of the top ten Charlottesville charge categories between 2018 and 2021, with seven categories showing a decrease of 30% or greater. The only increase observed during the pandemic was in the category of weapons offenses (up 60%). Page 33 of 48 Top Ten Charlottesville Booking Types 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 ALC ASL PRB DWI NAR LAR CON FRD LIC WPN 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Percent Change in Top Ten Charlottesville Booking Types (2011 to 2021) 88% 6% 7% -7% -9% -38% -48% -59% -68% -76% ALC ASL PRB DWI NAR LAR CON FRD LIC WPN Page 34 of 48 Percent Change in Top Ten Charlottesville Booking Types (2018 to 2021) 60% -8% -15% -30% -36% -41% -58% -55% -70% -74% ALC ASL PRB DWI NAR LAR CON FRD LIC WPN Probation Violation Bookings • Charlottesville probation violation bookings, expressed as a percentage of all Charlottesville bookings at ACRJ, increased 53% from 2011 to 2021, representing nearly 11% of total booking volume in 2021. • Felony probation violation booking volume increased 27% from 2011 to 2021, while misdemeanor probation violation bookings dropped 17%. Significant drops in both felony and misdemeanor probation violations were observed starting in 2018. • The number of Charlottesville felony probation violation bookings averaged 216 in each year from 2011 to 2021, nearly four times the volume of misdemeanor probation violation bookings (averaging 64 per year). • Both felony and misdemeanor probation violation bookings were suppressed during the pandemic years of 2020 and 2021, as compared to 2018-19. Page 35 of 48 Probation Violations as a Percentage of All Charlottesville Booking Volume 14% Up 53% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Charlottesville Felony vs. Misdemeanor Probation Violation Booking Volume 300 Felony PRB/SSV bookings up 23% 250 200 150 Misdemeanor PRB/SSV bookings down 17% 100 50 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Charlottesville Felony PRB/SSV Charlottesville Misdemeanor PRB/SSV Linear (Charlottesville Felony PRB/SSV) Linear (Charlottesville Misdemeanor PRB/SSV) Page 36 of 48 Average Length of Stay (ALOS) • The average length stay of an Charlottesville inmate increased a modest 2% from 2011 to 2021. However, ALOS has been on the rise since 2017. • Average length of stay dropped 10% among Black inmates from 2011 to 2021, while ALOS among White inmates increased 16%. Black inmates served significantly longer average lengths of stay than did White inmates in every year studied, although the racial difference in ALOS narrowed from 42 days in 2011 to 26 days in 2021. • Average length of stay for female inmates increased 10%, compared to a 1% increase for male inmates from 2011 to 2021. Male inmates served significantly longer average lengths of stay than did female inmates in every year studied, although the gender difference in ALOS narrowed from 38 days in 2011 to 29 days in 2021. • The most significant increase in average length of stay was observed among the oldest inmate group (age 50+, up 62%). Charlottesville Inmate Average Length of Stay 60 ALOS up 2% 50 40 30 20 10 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Page 37 of 48 Charlottesville Average Length of Stay by Race 80 Black inmate ALOS down 10% 70 60 50 40 30 20 White inmate ALOS up 16% 10 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Charlottesville Black ALOS Charlottesville White ALOS Linear (Charlottesville Black ALOS) Linear (Charlottesville White ALOS) Charlottesville Average Length of Stay by Gender 70 Male inmate ALOS up 1% 60 50 40 30 20 10 Female inmate ALOS up 10% 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Charlottesville Female ALOS Charlottesville Male ALOS Linear (Charlottesville Female ALOS) Linear (Charlottesville Male ALOS) Page 38 of 48 Charlottesville Average Length of Stay by Age Group 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Charlottesville Age 18- Charlottesville Age 25- Charlottesville Age 30- Charlottesville Age 40- Charlottesville Age 50+ 24 ALOS 29 ALOS 39 ALOS 49 ALOS ALOS 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Percent Change in Charlottesville Average Length of Stay by Age Group (2011-2021) 62% 9% 2% -12% -19% Age 18-24 ALOS Age 25-29 ALOS Age 30-39 ALOS Age 40-49 ALOS Age 50+ ALOS Page 39 of 48 Bed Day Expenditures (BDE) • Bed day expenditures are a product of intake volume, multiplied by length of stay. BDE is a useful metric to estimate the total cost of a jurisdiction’s jail utilization (listed at $112.68 per day, per ACRJ inmate, in the Virginia Compensation Board’s 2020 Jail Cost Report). • Decreases in Charlottesville intake volume contributed to a significant decrease in overall bed day expenditures of 41% from 2011 to 2021. Bed day expenditures per 1,000 Charlottesville residents dropped 46% during that time. • Charlottesville expended 84,886 bed days at ACRJ in 2011, compared to 52,576 in 2021. • As a share of overall ACRJ bed day utilization, Charlottesville’s percentage of bed day expenditures decreased 35% from 2011 to 2021. Albemarle County’s share rose 14%, while Nelson County’s increased 243%. • In 2021, Charlottesville inmates expended 34.1% of all ACRJ bed days, while Albemarle County expended 39.7% and Nelson County expended 17.4%. All other inmates (including Federal inmates and those held for other Virginia jurisdictions) expended 8.8% of total BDE. • From 2011 to 2021, bed day expenditures among Charlottesville’s Black inmates decreased 44%, compared to a 39% decrease among White inmates. Still, Black inmates expended significantly more bed days than did White inmates throughout the study period, despite representing only 18% of Charlottesville’s general population. • Charlottesville’s female inmates expended 38% fewer bed days from 2012 to 2021, nearly the same rate of decrease observed among male inmates (down 42%). • The oldest group of Charlottesville’s inmates (age 50+) expended 19% more bed days from 2011 to 2021, representing the only significant upward influence on Charlottesville’s overall BDE. BDE in all other age groups dropped, most notably 18-24 (down 65%), 25-29 (down 53%) and 40-49 (down 60%). Charlottesville Inmate Bed Day Expenditures 100000 90000 BDE down 41% 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Page 40 of 48 Charlottesville BDE per 1000 Residents 2500 BDE per 1000 down 46% 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Share of ACRJ Bed Day Expenditures by Member Jurisdictions 60% Albemarle up 14% 50% 40% 30% Charlottesville down 35% 20% 10% Nelson up 243% 0% 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Albemarle % BDE Charlottesville % BDE Nelson % BDE Linear (Albemarle % BDE) Linear (Charlottesville % BDE) Linear (Nelson % BDE) Page 41 of 48 Charlottesville Bed Day Expenditures by Race 70000 Black inmate BDE down 44% 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 White inmate BDE down 39% 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Charlottesville Black BDE Charlottesville White BDE Linear (Charlottesville Black BDE) Linear (Charlottesville White BDE) Charlottesville Bed Day Expenditures by Gender 100000 90000 Male inmate BDE down 42% 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 Female inmate BDE down 38% 20000 10000 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Charlottesville Female BDE Charlottesville Male BDE Linear (Charlottesville Female BDE) Linear (Charlottesville Male BDE) Page 42 of 48 Charlottesville Bed Day Expenditures by Age Group 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 Charlottesville Age 18-24 Charlottesville Age 25-29 Charlottesville Age 30-39 Charlottesville Age 40-49 Charlottesville Age 50+ BDE BDE BDE BDE BDE 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Percent Change in Charlottesville Bed Days Expended by Age Group (2011-2021) 19% -19% -53% -60% -65% Age 18-24 BDE Age 25-29 BDE Age 30-39 BDE Age 40-49 BDE Age 50+ BDE Page 43 of 48 Shorter-Staying vs. Longer-Staying Inmates • The number of Charlottesville inmates spending 30 days or fewer in ACRJ custody decreased 44% from 2012 to 2021, during a time when the number of inmates staying 31 days or longer decreased by half that rate (down 22%). As a result, the percentage of Charlottesville inmates at ACRJ with lengths of stay exceeding 30 days increased 38% from 2012 to 2021. • During 2021, the average length of stay for inmates serving 0-30 days was 5.6 days, compared to a 149-day average among those inmates serving longer than 30 days. • During 2021, 32% of Charlottesville’s inmates served longer than 30 days in custody. These longer-serving inmates accounted for nearly 93% of all bed days expended by Charlottesville at ACRJ in 2021. • Overall, bed days expended by Charlottesville inmates serving longer than 30 days decreased 43% from 2012 to 2021. Charlottesville Releases by Length of Stay Category 1800 0-30 day stays down 44% 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 +30 day stays down 22% 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Charlottesville Releases 30 Days or Less LOS Charlottesville Releases +30 Days LOS Linear (Charlottesville Releases 30 Days or Less LOS) Linear (Charlottesville Releases +30 Days LOS) Page 44 of 48 Charlottesville Percentage of Inmates Serving +30 Days LOS 40% % +30 day stays up 38% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Charlottesville Average Length of Stay (0-30 vs.+30 Day Length of Stay) 250 200 150 100 50 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Charlottesville ALOS 30 Days or Less Charlottesville ALOS +30 Days Linear (Charlottesville ALOS 30 Days or Less) Page 45 of 48 Charlottesville Bed Day Expenditures by Length of Stay Category 100000 90000 BDE for +30 day stays down 43% 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 BDE for 0-30 day stays down 13% 20000 10000 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Charlottesville BDE 30 Days or Less Charlottesville BDE +30 Days Linear (Charlottesville BDE 30 Days or Less) Linear (Charlottesville BDE +30 Days) Charlottesville% +30 Day LOS of All Bed Days 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Page 46 of 48 Conclusions • The number of inmates taken into ACRJ on Charlottesville charges decreased 40% from 2011 to 2021 (down 44% per capita). • The most significant decreases in intakes were observed among the youngest inmates (age 18-24), down 65%. • Charlottesville’s share of ACRJ intakes dropped 25% from 2011 to 2021. • Charlottesville’s booking volume (charges at intake) dropped 26%, the result of a 42% decrease in misdemeanor offenses. • Weapons offenses had the most significant booking growth among the top ten Charlottesville charge types from 2011 to 2021, while the most significant decreases were observed in alcohol offenses, operator’s license offenses, narcotics violations and DWI. • Probation violations represented 10.9% of all Charlottesville bookings at ACRJ in 2021, up from 7% in 2011. Conclusions • The average length of a Charlottesville inmate’s stay increased 2% from 2011 to 2021. • During that same time, Charlottesville’s bed day expenditures at ACRJ fell by 41% (a drop of 46% per capita). • Far fewer bed days were expended by 18-24 year old inmates from 2011 to 2021, but these decreases were partially offset by increases in bed day expenditures among inmates age 50 or older. • The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with decreases in Charlottesville intakes at ACRJ, along with increases in the average length of stay. • Booking volume dropped across the board in 2020 and 2021, in every major charge category except for weapons violations. • Inmates serving longer than 30 day sentences accounted for 32% of all Charlottesville inmates taken into ACRJ on 2021, but were responsible for nearly 93% of Charlottesville’s bed day expenditures. Page 47 of 48 Prepared by: Neal S. Goodloe, MPA Criminal Justice Planner Jefferson Area Community Criminal Justice Board ngoodloe@oar-jacc.org May 2022 Page 48 of 48